Principles in Nursing Ethics - 2973 Words

Graduate School of Health Science, Management and Pedagogy Southwestern University MAN 503- Nursing Legal Issues, Ethical Concerns And Trends in Practice Principles in Nursing Ethics Ethics - moral duty - Refers to a standard to examine and understand moral life. - Ethical theories, principles and codes of conduct serve as guides of human conduct provided by ethical systems. - Making choices that are best for the individual or society at certain times and in particular situations and then evaluating such choices and outcomes. Morals - Are specific ways of behavior or of accomplishing ethical practices Professional Ethics - Is a branch of moral science concerned with the obligations that a member of†¦show more content†¦- For Christians, these rules are founding the Ten Commandments. - Differences in religion, however, pose problems such as what to do when the decision would conflict with one’s religious beliefs. C. Universal Principles of Biomedical Ethics - In the health care delivery, basic ethical principles assist the health professionals to determine right or wrong in regard to value issues involving the pursuit of health, alleviation of suffering, and assisting patients towards peaceful death. These are: Autonomy o It involves self- determination and freedom to choose and implement one’s decision, free form deceit, duress, constraint or coercion. o Informed consent ââ€" ª Information provided by the patient and his family is within their level of understanding that they may evaluate the risks and other options open to them. ââ€" ª This includes allowing the patient to refuse treatment if he so decides; ââ€" ª Disclosure of his ailment, prognosis, mode of treatment, and maintaining confidentiality. ââ€" ª The person making the decision must be deemed competent: he must have the intellectual capacity to make a rational decision, must be of legal age that the decision is of his own free will and he is not coerced or put under duress to do so. Veracity o To maximize the efficiency of the health care, the patient and the health care providers are bound to tell theShow MoreRelatedNursing Ethics : The Four Biomedical Principles Of Nursing1550 Words   |  7 PagesIn this essay I will be discussing and exploring the four biomedical principles of nursing which refer to: autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence and justice. Specifically looking at autonomy I will further discuss and explain why I have chosen this principle, its value to good nursing practice and demonstrate its relation to mental health nursing, specifically dementia. Following this I will adhere to the conflicts that may impede its implementation in practice with autonomy, address the legal andRead MoreNursing Code Of Ethics And Relevant Ethical Principles1523 Words   |  7 PagesNursing Code of Ethics and Relevant Ethical Principles The International Council of Nurses (ICN) Code of Ethics for Nurses has four principal elements that shape the standards of ethical conduct within the nursing profession. These elements include the people nurses take care of and come into contact with, the practice they take part in, the profession they belong to, and the co-workers they work with (International Council of Nurses, 2012). Within these elements there are three standards nursesRead MoreNursing Code of Ethics Essay1052 Words   |  5 PagesNursing Code of Ethics Introduction Butts and Rich (1-26) point out that effective nursing requires both broad knowledge and a set of well developed abilities and skills. The required tasks, are many and varied and in order to do them properly, care must be taken to respect each patients rights and sensitivities. This is why, according to the authors, nursing care must be guided by a code of ethics. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview and discussion of the Code of EthicsRead MoreNursing Ethic Involving Informatics : Daniel O Brien Essay1183 Words   |  5 Pages Nursing Ethic Involving Informatics Daniel O’Brien University of Louisiana Lafayette Author Note Correspondence regarding this paper should be addressed to Daniel M. O’Brien, Baton Rouge, LA, 70817. E-mail: dmo9257@louisiana.edu Abstract Ethics is part of the decision making process that a nurse uses and is a foundation of nursing. Nursing needs ethical standards to rely on in order to provide quality care for patients and to keep them from harm while respecting their wishes (da SilvaRead MoreThe Importance Of Acting Ethically When Working As A Nurse1318 Words   |  6 Pagesimportance of acting ethically when working as a nurse. Introduction: Ethics is an essential aspect of health care practice and those working in the nursing profession are often subject to frequent ethical dilemmas. It is essential for all nurses to be aware of the importance of ethics in health care and to practice within the ethico-legal parameters that govern the profession. However, while this is relatively easy in theory, ethics is not a black and white subject and often one’s culture, upbringingRead MoreNursing Philosophy and Code of Ethics Essay872 Words   |  4 Pagesadequate nursing care that was in the scope of their religion. One has also encountered an experience with a nurse from a different religious background. This particular nurse’s religion had a prayer ritual that required her to pray at different times throughout the day. One respected that nurse and watched over her patients while she was away. As a nurse, one must be respectful and accommodating to another. One’s philosophical forces go hand-in-hand with th eir philosophy of practice. Ethics and valuesRead MoreEthical Principles Of Nursing Practice974 Words   |  4 Pages When ethics in nursing in respect to decision making is looked upon, various key areas are taken into consideration. These key areas include the nursing values, the standards, subject ethical principles and finally the fundamental beliefs in nursing. When a reflection is made on the on the key mentioned areas, it is presumed that each of them is mainly aimed at protecting human dignity and restoring respect to patients (Bush 2007). Ethical values in nursing When looking at nursing values in regardRead MoreInternational Nursing Ethics1550 Words   |  6 Pageslocal nursing home. At the end of the first week he was employed a colleague invited him to attend afternoon tea with a group of nursing colleagues. At the gathering they all brought out their mobile phones and shared photos they had taken of the elderly residents genitals during the week. There was a competition to guess who the genitals belonged to. Leon was invited to join this group and participate in the photo activity and competition. The scenario flagrantly voids international nursing ethicsRead MoreA Careful and Meaningful Consideration of my Journey in Nursing Ethics1614 Words   |  7 PagesSystem, the patient, and the Healthcare provider. For a safe and effective nursing practice, a proper knowledge and understanding of nursing code of ethics, the definitions, concepts and principles of all stakeholders need to be recognized. My journey in Nursing Ethics has provided me with an opportunity to think over some of my life and clinical practice situations and relating whatever has been learnt to future nursing practices. Critical reflection analysis has helped me to identify some practiceRead MoreImportance of Ethical Theory in Nursing1322 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction The concept of ethical nursing and culturally competent care are becoming more and more important in the contemporary nursing practice (Smith Godfrey,2002).Despite their general appreciation in nursing practice, challenges and dilemma often clouds their application in a world which is continually being marked with a culturally diverse and demanding population. In this paper we present a critical review of ethics and cultural competence in professional nursing practice with a clear focus on

Diabetes An Autoimmune Disease - 927 Words

It is not news to anyone that one of the most known disease in the world is diabetes mellitus, people with type two diabetes produces some insulin, but not enough to keep their blood sugar at a normal level, however the one that are affected by the type 1 diabetes or childhood-onset type 1 DM do not produce insulin at all. Type 1 diabetes is usually diagnosed in children and young adults, and was previously known as juvenile diabetes. (ADA, 2015) . That circumstance puts them at greater risk for heart disease, renal disease and blindness to name a few. Sadly Worldwide, the occurrence of type 1 DM has been steadily rising, representing a significant burden on the people and to the health-care systems. Although momentous improvements in the care of T1DM patients, a subsection remain in major difficulty due to stubborn hypoglycemia. The possibility of IT offers the chance of better glycemic mechanism. Currently we are observing considerable advancement in the number and results of IT ph enomenal. In type 1 DM is an autoimmune disease that causes the body the destruct the b cells in the pancreas, which are responsible for the production of insulin. As a result, supplementation of insulin is a must in the management of the disease through meticulous care of multiple daily injections to control blood glucose. Even accommodating to the treatment many do not maintain a stable blood glucose level and are at risk for metabolic problems. Ultimately replacing of ÃŽ ² cells are the onlyShow MoreRelatedDiabetes : An Autoimmune Disease Essay1781 Words   |  8 PagesType One Diabetes, Juvenile Diabetes, or Diabetes Mellitus; an autoimmune disease affecting millions (about 3 million in the United States) causes the body’s own immune system to target and attack beta islet cells in the pancreas which are responsible for the production of insulin, an enzyme that lowers the concentration of glucose in the blood. A century ago, diabetes was a quick death sentence; we only fo und how to produce artificial insulin in the 1920’s, so before that, if a patient got diabetesRead MoreDiabetes : An Autoimmune Disease1430 Words   |  6 Pages What is Diabetes? Diabetes affects approximately 6% of Americans, 17 million people, and alarmingly 5.9 million of them are unaware that they have this chronic disease. Diabetes is a disease that is classified into two central types, type 1 and type 2. The disease results in the body being incapable of producing enough insulin and also causes an inability to use the insulin that has produced. Type 1 diabetes is considered to be an autoimmune disease that has the ability to destroy the facilityRead MoreFood Diabetes : An Autoimmune Disease1035 Words   |  5 PagesFood Diabetes In this paper, I would be talking about food diabetes. I would be talking about the difference between type 1 and type 2. Also, foods that you can eat and that you can’t. Finally, the history of food diabetes and how it affects people’s body. Food diabetes sometimes, leads to bad things. I. Food diabetes is a lifelong chronic disorder in which there are high levels of sugar in the blood. Hesy-Ra, an Egyptian physician, discovered food diabetes around 1152 B.C. The American DiabetesRead MoreDiabetes Mellitus : An Autoimmune Disease1238 Words   |  5 Pages Diabetes or as doctors would refer by as diabetes mellitus, is a group of metabolic diseases in which a person has a high blood glucose level (above 110 mg/dL) because insulin production is inadequate, the body’s cells do not respond properly to insulin or even both. Diabetes mellitus is also a contributing factor of development of cardiovascular disease, hypertension, renal failure, blindness, and stroke as individuals’ age. There are 3 different types of diabetes mellitus, type 1diabetes mellitusRead MoreDiabetes Mellitus : An Autoimmune Disease1914 Words   |  8 Pagesissues. Autoimmune diseases like Type 1 diabetes mellitus affect adults as well as children. In children diabetes requires a lot of attention and demands a lot to maintain proper care and regulation of medications. There are many medications that Type 1 diabetes mellitus can be regulated with along with other treatments to prevent a downward effect of issues that diabetes mellitus causes. Type 1 diabetes mellitus affects mainly children and statistics have proven that this particular autoimmune diseaseRead MoreDiabetes Mellitus : An Autoimmune Disease1261 Words   |  6 PagesDiabetes or as doctors would refer by as diabetes mellitus, is a group of metabolic diseases in which a person has a high blood glucose level above 110 mg/dL because insulin production is inadequate, the body’s cells do not respond properly to insulin or even both. Diabetes mellitus is also a contributing factor of development of cardiovascular disease, hypertension, renal failure, blindness, and stroke as individuals’ age. There are 3 different types of diabetes mellitus, type 1diabetes mellitusRead MoreType 1 Diabetes : An Autoimmune Disease1741 Words   |  7 PagesType 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease that destroys beta cells, beta cells produce insulin in the the pancreas. When beta cells are destroyed It leads to lack of insulin, insulin lowers blood sugar (glucose). When immune system cells are seen it can also cause a viral infection. Type 1 diabetes is more commonly diagnosed in children and young adults, diabetes type 1 also known as juvenile diabetes. Insulin is a hormone that is needed to convert sugar, protein, and carbohydrates for energy Read MoreCoexistence of Autoimmune Disease with Type I Diabetes Mellitus in Libyan Patients2041 Words   |  8 Pagesthe patients files, the concomitant disease presence or absence was also recorded; especially with reference thyroid function. The important investigations as prescribed by the physician were also recorded. patient’s serum level of T4, T3, FT4, FT3 and TSH were measured for 748 patients. The venous blood samples were taken from all the subjects in the morning after fasting overnight while TPOAb and TGAb level were measured abroad. 101 of patients with type1 diabetes mellitus were included in this studyRead MoreDiabetes Mellitus : An Autoimmune Disease And Affects The Body s Metabolism Of Carbohydrates1316 Words   |  6 Pages Carla Rodriguez MED 2056 Diabetes Mellitus Instructor Anglo March 11, 2015 Pathophysiology Diabetes mellitus is an autoimmune disease and affects the body’s metabolism of carbohydrates. There are varying types of diabetes but patients are predominantly diagnosed with type 1 or 2. Type 1 is an insulin dependent diabetes mellitus and type 2 is a non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Patients are tested for diabetes by undergoing blood sugar tests or urinalysis. Typical symptomsRead MoreEssay about The Hygiene Hypothesis1083 Words   |  5 Pageshygiene hypothesis states that although we have shifted rapidly into a clean, modern and civilized state, our bodies have not yet adapted, and our immune system is responding inappropriately with an increased susceptibility to allergies and autoimmune diseases. The main premise is that humans are mismatched to modernity. (Stearns, 2009) Our civilization has changed rapidly and we now readily have access to modern hygiene, clean water, and antibiotics but our bodies have not yet evolved to adapt

Research on Online Dating and Relationship Essay Example For Students

Research on Online Dating and Relationship Essay IntroductionBased on a research of Online Dating Relationships, Smith and Duggan stated that the ways of finding partners have been changed with the times. In the past, people used matchmaking, arranged marriages and printed personal ads. With the rapid technology advancement, there are alternative methods online dating sites and smart phone dating apps. To compare with the people who date traditionally, people who date online are active to choose their dream man or woman by browsing the others profiles (9). They also pointed out that there are different experience between online dating and traditional dating. Users of online dating can filter the partners by reading the profiles from lots of choices. They need to arrange a time to meet each other in order to have face-to-face communication (9).This paper will provide evidence and use of online dating, and show the effects on psychological, safety and social aspects.Page 2Evidence of online datingBy Joes Ho Pui LamFrom a cross-national survey, Hogan, Li and Dutton report that online dating is prevalent in all countries nowadays. Using the Internet everyday is common for people to have social activities, no matter they are from which countries. Lots of online sources provide a platform for them to have online dating (9). With the rapid advancement of Web technologies, online dating starts rising from 1997(10). However, Hogan, Li and Dutton use â€Å"cohort† effect to show that online dating is not only mainly for the teens who are willing to adopt to technology, but also to the early thirties (10-11). Also, the elder population is more willing to date online (11). In addition, different countries have varied online dating rate because of the rates of Internet co. . people around, such as cafe or a restaurant near a busy street. Be safe, careful and alert!Page 9ConclusionFrom a report of Dating Safety and Victimization in Traditional and Online Relationship, Koeppel, Smith and Bouffard concluded that with the use of Internet helps increasing online dating and they use it to broaden their social circles and find their partner. People are more willing to accept online dating but their attitude towards online dating is still negative because of the negative impacts (6). In conducting this project, we find out that although online dating is more convenient to broaden their social groups than the traditional methods, the safeness is still under a concern and it will have more negative outcomes in the society. The users should be more careful on using online dating to have safety precautions and protect their personal privacy.

Leadership, Teambuilding and Communication

Leadership theories A number of leadership styles and theoretical approaches have been suggested. However, other theories are still being developed. Scholars have identified three categories of leadership theories- traditional, contemporary and emerging theories (Nelson Quick, 2013).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Leadership, Teambuilding and Communication specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Traditional theories of leadership Trait theories Trait theories of leadership aim at identifying specific personal traits believed to distinguish leaders from non-leaders. These theories are based on the belief that leaders are â€Å"born and not made†. In other words, they assume that the capacity to be a good leader is â€Å"inbuilt† and acquired from birth rather than being developed through knowledge acquisition and experience. Early researchers emphasized on the relationship between leadership and personality. However, little evidence was given from these studies. Nonetheless, recent studies by scholars such as Lord and Maher (2003) have shown some significant correlations between the perceptions of leadership and some personal traits such as intelligence, dominance and masculinity. Leadership style theories Studies indicated that leaders could be recognised based on their styles of leadership (behavioural style) rather than mere personality traits. In this case, two different styles were recognised- task oriented style and relationship oriented style. In task-oriented style, the leader is concerned with activities related to tasks. Such activities include allocation of functions and setting of deadlines. On the other hand, relationship-oriented leaders focus on their subjects. They focus on issues such as being approachable, friendly and developing effective communication protocols. Based on these theoretical approaches, some leadership styles are recognised. For instance, a utocratic leaders are task-oriented while democratic leaders tend to be relationship-oriented. In addition, using Likert’s typology, four types of leadership styles are recognized- exploitive, consultative, benevolent and participative leadership styles. Contemporary leadership theories Contemporary or new theories of leadership include two main styles- charismatic and transformational leadership. A charismatic leader is the one who possess the ability to inspire his or her subordinates through demonstration and communication of his or her visions and initiatives.Advertising Looking for research paper on business communication? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the other hand, transformational theory of leadership is based on the tenet that leadership is an interactive process that transforms leaders and their followers, resulting into positive outcomes of an organization. Transformational theory of leadership encompas ses four components of leadership- having idealistic influence, intellectual stimulation, inspirational motivation and individualised consideration. Leadership profile for a company manager at the University of Texas In this case, the president of the University of Texas at Houston has been chosen as an example of a desirable leader. The University is a public institution with the mandate to generate, organize and distribute knowledge through teaching and research. In addition, the organization has a large diversity of members such as students, non-teaching employees, teaching staff, departmental leaders and other parties to the institution. In addition, every member has the responsibility to perform to the best possible level for the best of the organization. As such, the president must have the relevant leadership characteristics as described by leadership styles and interpersonal forms of power. For instance, the president must be able to lead by example through expressing his id eas. To do this, the president must have motivational characteristics that allow him to appeal to the values and ideas of the subordinate groups. In turn, it encourages subordinates to perform. For instance, the president’s ability to focus on technological development in every department will encourage employees to learn and apply these technologies. In addition, challenging students and teaching staff will encourage them to design and carry out more research studies. Secondly, the leaders must have focus on employee development. This allows him to encourage employee development by focusing on certain initiatives that increase employee capacity to perform. For instance, encouraging and facilitating employees and teaching staff to seek additional knowledge through workshops, scholarships and other awards will increase the value of education and research at the University of Texas. Organizational Stressors The term â€Å"Role demands† is used to define organizational co nflicts that occur due to inconsistencies or difficulties in the expectations of an individual. For instance, difficulties in examining two or more expectations or separate roles may lead to â€Å"inter-role† conflict. In addition, â€Å"intra-role† conflict may result from a situation with a number of expectations from one role.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Leadership, Teambuilding and Communication specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Person-role conflict occurs in cases where ethics are challenged while role ambiguity results from a state of confusion about the individual experiences in relation with the expectation of other individuals. Interpersonal demands are organizational stressors because they involve individuals and affect them physically or psychologically. For instance, emotional issues such as offensive colleagues and abrasive personalities, sexual harassment, poor leadership and other issues affect employees. Finally, physical demands are types of organizational stressor caused by environmental aspects such strenuous activities, travelling, noise, cold weather and hazardous materials. The likely impact of these stressors is a reduction of employee performance, impact on decision-making and development of poor attitude towards tasks or organization in general. To address such situations, communication plays a fundamental role in any organization. Organizational leaders should encourage and motivate their subordinates to communicate freely with their leaders and colleagues and discuss problems to find possible solutions. Critical elements for effective group and work team performance A number of elements are considered critical in managing the performance of teams in organizations. For instance, diversity among the members of work teams, effective collaboration and productive management of conflicts play an important role in enhancing work team performanc e. Conflict management is an imperative part of organizational management. According to Weingart and Jehn (2000), effective management of task conflicts can improve team or group performance. The cause of conflicts in an organization is based on differences that arise when people come together in groups or teams.Advertising Looking for research paper on business communication? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Such differences may be in terms of power, attitudes or values, which combine to form conflicts. Conflicts can be negative to a team or organization in general if not well management. Otherwise, conflicts lead to a better understanding of an organization and improve performance. The task of building and managing diverse teams in an organization is similarly critical to the process of organizational leadership. Organizational performance can be strengthened by a focus on differences resulting from individual differences in terms of ethnicity, gender and age. Collaboration is another critical element of building effective work teams. Conflicts and conflict management styles Although conflicts are likely to occur at any time and within any level of management, there are some potential causes of conflicts in most organizations. Eight potential causes of conflicts are recognized: Perceived breach of trust and faith is a common source of conflict in organizations. It is due to the breakin g of confidence in cases where trust and faith are put in another person. Secondly, unresolved disagreements tend to cause conflict. While disagreements are normal, inability to resolve them causes and extends conflicts. If another situation occurs, then the unresolved disagreement will result into a conflict. Thirdly, miscommunication and errors in communication tend to cause conflict among members of work teams, especially when such errors are not corrected on time. In addition, personality clashes are a common cause of conflicts because people are different and have different ways of approaching issues and problem. People obtain certain values and beliefs from their families, churches, friends, the media, schools and societies. People tend to hold onto such beliefs. Differences between such values in an organization may be potential causes of interpersonal conflicts. Conflict management styles According to Thomas and Kilman (2007), five conflict management styles are effective in organizational leadership. First, accommodating is the process in which a high degree of cooperation is required. It is mostly at the expense of the manager because it works against his or her own goals, desired outcomes and objectives. Avoidance: One person or party tends to avoid approaching the issues. However, this method is not effective because the parties involved do not focus on achieving their goals. Moreover, it does not help them in finding common grounds to solve the matter. Corroborating: The parties tend to pair in an attempt to achieve their goals. In this way, the parties achieve a win-win scenario, which means that there is no loser. Competing: it is a â€Å"win-lose† situation- one party acts in an assertive way to achieve its goal. There is no effort to seek cooperation with the other party or parties involved. Compromising: In this style, both parties to the conflict end up losing. In other words, it is based on â€Å"lose-lose† scenario- all the p arties involved fail to achieve their goals. Potential barriers to communication Several features associated with individuals or groups affect effective communication. For instance, subordinates and their leaders may influence conflict if they fail to develop trust between them. In addition, antiquated ordering system that does not update deliveries in real time also affects communication. Poor communication languages, emotional barriers, taboos, poor attention or cultural differences also affect communication. Such barriers to communication affect the performance of the group and work teams in a number of ways. For instance, they distract sharing of information and ideas. In addition, they distract the process of solving conflicts, passing orders and motivating team members. Moreover, barriers to communication may prohibit some members from providing their suggestions and ideas in the process of decision-making, thus affecting group or work team performance. References Lord, R. G., Maher, K. J. (2003). Leadership and Information Processing: Linking Perceptions and Performance. New York, Routledge Nelson, D. L., Quick, J. C. (2013). Organizational Behavior. Mason: OH: Cengage learning Thomas, K. W., Kilman, R. H. (2007). Thomas-Kilmann Conflict Mode Instrument. New York: CPP. Weingart, L., Jehn, K. A. (2000). Manage Intra-team Conflict through Collaboration. New York: Blackwell Handbook of Principles of Organizational Behavior. This research paper on Leadership, Teambuilding and Communication was written and submitted by user Vargas to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Gatacca essays

Gatacca essays The movie Gattaca is made up of ideas of human spirit and perfection. The society where everyone wants to be perfect. Made men in the world of Gattaca are taught from the beginning of their lives what they have been designed to achieve, they know their expectations and they know their limitations. Jerome is one of the example. Jerome is a perfect baby genetically born. He is a perfect man and couldnt face fall but through the movie, Jerome has proven that he is not a coward and he has redeeming qualities. By meeting Vincent, the invalid or born by love, with clear ambitions and goals, which nobody think he could success. from a young age I came to think of myself as others thought of me, chronically ill, Jerome is given the chance to experience something new and different, the ability to dream about what could be. He shares every part of Vincents transformation into a valid. This includes blood, hair, skin and urine and part where they can take sample from, and helped Vincent to change into a valid, and possible in achieving his dream. Jerome get the chance to learn about the hope of doing something thought impossible, however Jerome got the chance to experience this achievement through Vincents dream. It is the chance to experience something different that makes Jerome think that he got the better end of the deal. After coming second in the swimming race Jerome gave up all he had achieved, feeling his life was useless and not worth living. This lack of motivation was brought up by the society in Gattaca where everyone is going after the perfection they pursue. Everyone wants the best for their babies. Jerome he was told that due to his score of 9.3 he was able to achieve anything, He was genetically born to be champion swimmer. This causes the result that he couldnt take that fact of failure. The burden of perfection and the failing made Eugene attempt to take his own life. I ...

Exercise in Building and Connecting Sentences

Exercise in Building and Connecting Sentences This exercise will give you a chance to practice condensing and combining sentences using transitional words or phrases.  Combine the sentences in each set into two clear sentences. Add a transitional word or phrase to the second sentence to show how it relates to the first. Heres an example: Retirement should be the reward for a lifetime of work.It is widely viewed as a sort of punishment.It is a punishment for growing old.Sample Combination:Retirement should be the reward for a lifetime of work. Instead, it is widely viewed as a sort of punishment for growing old. When you are done, compare your sentences with the sample combinations  below. Exercise: Building and Connecting Sentences With Transitional Words and Phrases To be self-centered does not mean to disregard the worth of other people.We are all self-centered.Most psychologists would probably accept this position.There are differences in math performance between boys and girls.These differences cannot be attributed simply to differences in innate ability.If one were to ask the children themselves, they would probably disagree.We do not seek solitude.If we find ourselves alone for once, we flick a switch.We invite the whole world in.The world comes in through the TV or Internet.Little girls, of course, dont take toy guns out of their hip pockets.They do not say Pow, pow to all their neighbors and friends.The average well-adjusted little boy does this.If we gave little girls the six-shooters, we would soon have double the body count.We know very little about pain.What we dont know makes it hurt all the more.There is ignorance about pain.No form of illiteracy in the United States is so widespread.No form of illiteracy in the United States is so costly. We drove the wagon close to a corner post.We twisted the end of the wire around it.We twisted the wire one foot above the ground.We stapled it fast.We drove along the line of posts.We drove for about 200 yards.We unreeled the wire on the ground behind us.The historical sciences have made us very conscious of our past.They have made us conscious of the world as a machine.The machine generates successive events out of foregoing ones.Some scholars tend to look totally backward.They look backward in their interpretation of the human future.Rewriting is something that most writers find they have to do.They rewrite to discover what they have to say.They rewrite to discover how to say it.There are a few writers who do little formal rewriting.They have capacity and experience.They create and review a large number of invisible drafts.They create and review in their minds.They do this before they approach the page. When you are done, compare your sentences with the sample combinations below. Sample Combinations To be self-centered does not mean to disregard the worth of other people.  In fact,  most psychologists would probably accept the position that we are  all  self-centered.The differences in math performance between boys and girls cannot be attributed simply to differences in innate ability.  Still,  if one were to ask the children themselves, they would probably disagree.We do not seek solitude.  In fact,  if we find ourselves alone for once we flick a switch and invite the whole world in through the TV or  Internet.Little girls, of course, dont take toy guns out of their hip pockets and say Pow, pow to all their neighbors and friends like average well-adjusted little boys.  However,  if we gave little girls the six-shooters, we would soon have double the body count.(Anne Roiphe, Confessions of a Female Chauvinist Sow)We know very little about pain and what we dont know makes it hurt all the more.  Indeed,  no form of illiteracy in the United States is so wi despread or costly as ignorance about pain.(Norman Cousins, Pain Is Not the Ultimate Enemy) We drove the wagon close to a corner post, twisted the end of the wire around it one foot above the ground, and stapled it fast.  Next,  we drove along the line of posts for about 200 yards, unreeling wire on the ground behind us.(John Fischer, Barbed Wire)The historical sciences have made us very conscious of our past, and of the world as a machine generating successive events out of foregoing ones.  For this reason,  some scholars tend to look totally backward in their interpretation of the human future.(Loren Eiseley,  The Unexpected Universe)Rewriting is something that most writers find they have to do to discover what they have to say and how to say it. There are,  however,  a few writers who do little formal rewriting because they have the capacity and experience to create and review a large number of invisible drafts in their minds before they approach the page.(Donald M. Murray, The Makers Eye: Revising Your Own Manuscripts)

Procurement and Purchasing Strategies(Critique) Essay

Procurement and Purchasing Strategies(Critique) - Essay Example In this paper, this concept will be discussed in detail considering three scholarly articles in order to know what benefits does outsourcing provide to companies and what concerns companies usually have in deciding whether they should outsource the procurement process or not. Discussion The articles chosen for this discussion included ‘The Make-or-Buy Decision in the Presence of a Rival: Strategic Outsourcing to a Common Supplier’ by Arya, Mittendorf and Sappington, ‘The procurement function’s role in strategic outsourcing from a process perspective’ by Carter and Yan, and ‘Strategic procurement outsourcing: a paradox in current theory’ by Fernandez and Kekale. The main concept behind all of these articles is that outsourcing is basic need of today for companies to operate efficiently. For example, Carter and Yan (2007, p. 210) state that there are many benefits of adopting this approach some of which include reduced costs, improved compe titiveness, and increased focus on other business processes. Some more benefits of outsourcing the procurement function to external sources include improvement in efficiency levels and reduced transaction costs (Fernandez & Kekale 2007, p. 168). Procurement outsourcing also provides strategic benefits to companies (Arya, Mittendorf & Sappington 2008, p. 1749). Moreover, Fernandez and Kekale (2007, p. 168) also found that reduced cost is a very significant benefit of procurement outsourcing if we consider the increased percentage of external goods and services purchases. Fernandez and Kekale (2007, p. 168) also found that a company outsourcing its procurement functions can achieve at least five times more saving as compared to the savings that achieve from outsourcing other processes, such as, HR activities and financial operations. This figure suggests that procurement outsourcing is really a very beneficial aspect of doing business in the modern world where the competition is conti nuously increasing with every passing day. However, companies usually have some concerns regarding outsourcing their procurement functions to external sources. For example, managers of such companies feel that they will become dependent on other firms if they completely outsource the procurement function. They also feel that this approach will lead to downsizing ion their firms which will out a negative impact on the careers of many employees working for purchasing and procurement department. Manager also have other concerns like what they should actually outsource, whom should they outsource their procurement function, and whether outsourcing to a common supplier in presence of competitors will be a viable option or not (Carter & Yan 2007; Arya, Mittendorf & Sappington 2008). Some managers think that if they outsource their procurement function to a supplier which is also serving some of its competitors, it will increase the cost because of monopolistic power of the supplier. Howev er, in actual, there is no such case and the monopolistic input supplier serves all clients equally (Arya, Mittendorf & Sappington 2008, p. 1747). According to Cohen and Roussel (2005), the purpose of outsourcing is to add value to suppliers while reducing business costs. Procurement means to acquire those goods and services which a company needs to have for completing its manufacturing processes. If these goods and servi

Management Accounting 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Management Accounting 3 - Essay Example Developed by Dr. Robert Kaplan of Harvard Business School and David Norton as a performance measuring framework which could have the capability to take into account the strategic vision and goals of the organization. It is also viewed as value methodology besides being considered cost benefit analysis tool however it is also being labeled as something which can help organizations to change value culture as well as improving operational efficiency and profitability of the organization. (Gumbus and Lussier). The need for developing a balanced score card emerges because though companies are good at developing the glossy mission and vision statements however they fail to develop operational strategies which can help achieve organizations those strategic goals and due to the lack of ability of the organizations to effectively measure whether they are achieving their strategic goals, and targets, organizations found Balanced Score card a very effective tool to measure and monitor their per formance against their strategic goals. Since a balanced score card connect various components of the organizational strategy making such as organizational resources, customers, people, operations, finance and the community also therefore Balanced Score Card is a very comprehensive strategic tool to manage above all. This essay will look into some of the key performance areas which a balanced score card look into and will review their usefulness in achieving the strategic goals within the context of a service organization. Balanced score card have evolved from being a simple performance measuring tool to one of the highly used strategic management tools organization could ever have. It tends to associate the non-financial aspects of the performance with the financial aspects and presents a broader and deeper view of the organizational performance and its relevance to the overall organizational strategy. Rather than being simply used as a performance measurement tool, it

Making Decisions Based on Demand and Forecasting Essay Example for Free

Making Decisions Based on Demand and Forecasting Essay 1.Report the demographic and independent variables that are relevant to complete a demand analysis providing a rationale for the selection of the variables. (Independent variables are the variables that have effect on the demand of Pizza). List 5 and explain the effect of each of them on the demand of Domino’s Pizza. I currently reside in Allentown, Pennsylvania, which has a current population, based off of the 2010 Census data, of 118,032 people. The large amount of people that reside in the 18 square mile city, which is the third largest in the state, allows for huge competition amongst the local chain and privately owned pizza restaurants. Within the city limits of Allentown, Pennsylvania, there are 3 Domino’s pizza restaurants within 13.2 miles of each other. The average median income per household is $49,025 and $37,356 per family. This can affect the demand of pizza based on the price of the pizzas being sold. The lower the income of a family is, the lesser the chances they will purchase take-out or fast food. Typically, families that are on a fixed or smaller income will live on a budget and normally that does not include the luxury of eating out. Looking at the price of various Domino’s Pizza, Pizza Hut and various local pizza restaurants, the average cost of a large, plain cheese pizza pie is $10.42. While this may be a good price to some, families with a higher number of members may not be willing to pay $10+ per pizza due to the fact that they most likely have to purchase in multiple quantities. 15 percent of the Allentown, Pennsylvania population get around by means of transportation other than a car, therefore a pizza restaurant offering delivery services will be a benefit to those not able to pick their pizza up. The local average fee for pizza delivery is $2.00, based off of two of the large chain pizza restaurants delivery fees. The local privately owned pizza restaurants do not charge a delivery fee, which is a greater demand for those residents looking to spend the least amount of money on their pizza lunch or dinner. Many pizza restaurants offer various pizza order specials, such as 2 large plain pies for $19.99. While that is a great offer, the larger chain pizza restaurants such as Domino’s and Pizza Hut offer various specials like a large pizza for 8.00 or a large 3-topping pizza for $7.99. The only disadvantage of these specials is that the pizzas vary in their large size from restaurant to restaurant. 2.Find the price elasticity of demand for Pizza online. Is it elastic, unit elastic, or inelastic? Explain how the price elasticity of demand can affect your decision to open the pizza store and your pricing policies? Price elasticity of demand is defined as â€Å"the ratio of the percentage change in quantity demanded to the percentage change in price, assuming that all other factors influencing demand remain unchanged† (McGuigan, 2011, pg. 70). With the average cost of pizza in Allentown, Pennsylvania being $10.42, it is still a very high demand product. If the price of pizza were to go up, the demand for pizza may drop slightly, making the demand in price insensitive. There are certain determinants that will affect the price elasticity such as disposable income and the prices of competitors’ products these cannot be controlled by the firm. Determinants that can affect the price elasticity of pizza that can be controlled by the firm are price, advertising, product qua lity and customer service (McGuigan, 2011, p. 69). The price elasticity demand for pizza is and will most likely always be inelastic, because even though the cost of the ingredients to make pizzas may increase and decrease, pizza is a very popular product and will always be in high demand. Being a part of the Domino’s Pizza franchise, offering the various weekly and monthly specials will guarantee that the demand for pizza will not decline by a huge rate should the need to increase pricing arises. This will not affect my decision to open a Domino’s Pizza franchise, I am confident that the demand for pizza will only slightly decrease if economic reasons forces pricing to rise. My pricing policies will always be in line with Domino’s corporate structure, therefore being able to offer special deals on pizzas will counter balance the rise on individual pizza pies. 3.Explain the cross price elasticity. List 3 goods that you consider substitute to pizza in your area. How do they affect your decisions? (opening the store and pricing policy) Cross price elasticity is defined as â€Å"the ratio of the percentage change in the quantity demanded of Good A to the percentage change in the price of Good B, assuming that all other factors influencing demand remain unchanged† (McGuigan et al, 2011, pg. 87). If the price of pizza’s rises and the demand decreases by a certain percentage then this causes the need for pizza boxes will decline. This will be considered a negative cross price elasticity, and the two goods are complementary. On the other hand, if the price of pizza increases, and the demand for an alternative product increases, then this is considered substitutes, and the cross price elasticity is positive. Some substitutes for pizza in the event the price rises could be Subway sandwich platters, KFC family bucket meals, and Chinese food platters. Families buy pizza because of the large quantity for a cheap price, but if the prices were to increase, then these same families may look for similar alternatives that will not empty their wallets. These are possible alternatives that offer a large quantity of food at a reasonable price that can affect the demand of pizza. However, monitoring the costs of the competing fast food restaurants in the Allentown, Pennsylvania area will allow Domino’s to offer certain specials and pizza deals to the community that can keep their demand at a high rate. 4.Explain how you will forecast the demand for pizza in your community for the next four (4) months, using the regression equation including the assumptions that were used. Justify the assumptions made related to the forecast. 5.Based on the forecasting demand, price elasticity, and cross price elasticity discuss whether Dominos should establish a restaurant in your community. Provide a rationale and support for the decision. Establishing another Domino’s Pizza restaurant in the Allentown, Pennsylvania area will be a good idea because there is a true demand for pizzas. Referring to the price elasticity and the cross price elasticity, the positive outweighs the negative sides of supply and demand. Whether or not the price of pizzas goes up, the demand will always be sufficient enough to warrant the decision to open up a new restaurant. The price elasticity is inelastic because if and when the price of pizza increases, the demand for it will not be greatly affected. Domino’s Pizza’s financials for first quarter 2013 were released and the pizza giant had revenues up 8.6% from Q1 2012, and their net income was up 65.9% for the same period in 2012 (Dominos.com, 2013). This proves that even during the decline in the economy, the demand for pizza stays at the top. Domino’s Pizza sells more than one million pizzas daily, it is safe to assume that opening a new Domino’s in the Allentown area will not be a bad decision.

Rock Music and Creativity :: Creative Creativity Essays

Rock Music and Creativity As the reader may verify by looking at my name, I originate from Cyprus, a Greek island in the Mediterranean Sea. As I grew up in a Greek environment, Greek music predominated in my listenings with a glimpse of classical music added when my studies in the piano encouraged it. My short stay in the States has, apart from many other things, introduced me to rock music. According to Google.com, "rock 'n' roll can be defined as a genre of popular music originating in the 1950s; a blend of Black rhythm-and-blues with White country-and-western; rock is a generic term that evolved out of rock 'n' roll." The purpose of this essay is not, however, to provide an analysis on rock music. I know I have much to learn, many hours of listening to be able to be considered a `rock fan'. Nevertheless, rock provides a perfect example where Margaret Boden's three domains of creativity appear explicitly. Margaret Boden, Dean of School of Cognitive and Computing Sciences and professor of philosophy and psychology at the University of Sussex, has written many essays on creativity. In The Creative Priority she divides creativity into three main branches. The first involves `making unfamiliar combinations of familiar ideas', new ways to join already existing ideas in order to generate a completely novel creation, be it a poem, a painting or a scientific invention. The `exploration of conceptual spaces', searching for possibilities in an area that no one has thought about before and realizing the potential those may have, entails the second branch. Finally, the third includes `transforming conceptual spaces in people's minds', pushing and altering the limits previously imposed to result in the triumph of creation. This classification provides a summary of what various authors have illustrated in their works on the creative process. As the definition of rock music states, rock emerged from the combination of black rhythm-and-blues and white country-and-western. Those two kinds of music prevailed on the music scene since the beginning of the 20th century. Both were familiar to the audiences of the time. What Elvis did that shook the waves and initiated a revolution in music, was to combine those two familiar ideas in an unfamiliar way. The result was a new – for the time – music genre, which as such had a lot to offer and a lot to explore within.

A Study of Warfare in Europe Between 1300 and 1500 Essay

Since the introduction of gunpowder into Europe, it has gone on to dominate warfare into the twentieth century. With the development of the first European guns in the fourteenth century, armies were given use of a weapon which was to radically alter most of the ways of making war which had been established during the Middle Ages, and changes began to be seen within only a few years. It is, however, questionable whether the nature of these early changes constituted a revolution in the methods of war, and even more so whether guns had by 1500 made a great deal of impact on the character of war as it had existed in 1300. In assessing whether a revolution had taken place (or at least whether one was in the process of happening) by 1500, it is necessary to examine three areas: the effectiveness of guns during the period; the extent of their use in conflicts; and finally the changes which resulted from the employment of the new weapons in war. The first reliable sources which assert the existence of guns appeared in the 1320s, and from the late 1330s the number of references to them rose dramatically. The early guns were of large calibre and used almost exclusively for sieges, although as early as Crà ©cy in 1346, the English â€Å"fired off some cannons which they had brought to the battle to frighten the Genoese.† Guns were made in one of two ways. Firstly, there were cast metal guns, usually of bronze, which were made at the foundry. These were usually the better weapons because they were made of a single piece of metal and therefore were less likely to burst apart on firing. The second method was arranging wrought iron strips into tubes which were then bound together with iron hoops in much the same way as barrels were made. The advantage of these guns was that iron was a much cheaper metal than bronze (but could not be cast), but being made of many pieces faults were more likely to develop, causing either the release of explosive pressure through the sides of the barrel and therefore a reduction in the power of the shot, or even the complete bursting of the gun. This structural weakness was compounded by the inclusion of a detachable breech (such guns were far easier to build) which often detached itself on the discharging of the weapon. Despite their lack of quality, however, iron guns were the more numerous due to their comparative cheapness, although smaller guns tended to be made chiefly from bronze both because of the difficulties of constructing small guns from iron  strips, and because they required less metal than the great bombards. The sizes and types multiplied from their modest beginnings until there were guns ranging in size and type from great bombards used for reducing entire cities, to handguns used as anti-personnel weapons. The early role played by artillery was in sieges, where its effectiveness was soon widely appreciated. â€Å"Broadly speaking, the use of guns meant that sieges could be brought to a conclusion much more quickly.† Cannons, with the ability to throw stones with great force over a flatter trajectory and with more accuracy than the old siege engines, could bring an end to a siege in a few weeks where previously it might have taken several months. In 1437, the castle of Castelnau-de-Cernà ¨s was â€Å"broken down during the said siege by cannon and engines, and a great part of the walls of the same thrown to the ground, so that it was in no way defensible against the king’s enemies.† On occasion, the mere presence of bombards could be enough to induce swift surrender, cities preferring capitulation to large-scale destruction by cannon fire. As artillery was added to armies in increasing amounts during the 1400s, wars became far more fast-moving affairs. The French employed artillery on a large scale in reducing the English fortresses in Normandy and Gascony, while huge, cumbersome bombards were used to good effect by the Spanish in the Reconquista. Such was the effectiveness of artillery by 1500 that Machiavelli could declare that â€Å"No wall exists, however thick, that artillery cannot destroy in a few days.† The successes which the early guns had in siege warfare led to the bombard being a vital part of any country’s armoury. The use of the counterweight trà ©buchet, which had been in existence in Roman times, failed to decline until the 1380s and was still listed as an active weapon in some French arms inventories until the 1460s. This shows the gradual nature of the introduction of gunpowder artillery (perhaps caused by shortages of materials for the cannons or unwillingness to invest in them when a prince already owned trà ©buchets), but there was little doubt that guns were becoming by far the better siege weapons. Their importance gave rise to a kind of ‘arms race’ in France in particular, with cities in the contested areas of the Hundred Years War assigning the acquisition of guns a high  priority. Charles the Bold’s army included a substantial artillery element in his war with the Swiss (although he was perhaps not a good enough general to make effective use of it), while in 1494, Charles VIII invaded Italy with â€Å"†¦an army of 18,000 men and a horse-drawn siege-train of at least forty guns. Even contemporaries realised that this marked a new departure in warfare: in 1498 the Venetian Senate declared that ‘the wars of the present time are influenced more by the force of bombards and artillery than by men at arms’.† Despite their undoubted worth, however, artillery did have a number of disadvantages at this time. Perhaps the main one of these is the chronic difficulty of moving the heavy guns, especially over land. Philip the Good of Burgundy experienced such problems in his war with Ghent in 1452-3: â€Å"Such was the weight of a great bombard which he borrowed from the town of Mons that all the bridges between Mons and Lille had to be strengthened with iron supports for its passage. During the journey, the gun fell into a ditch, and took two days to be extricated by men using lifting equipment specially constructed for the purpose.† Transport was easier by river, but clearly this limited the movement of the artillery. It is partly because of these transport problems that artillery (with the exception of handguns) was used little during open field battles. Particularly when manoeuvring was of critical importance to an army, the last thing a commander would want would be to have to wait for the artillery, which would be slower than the rest of his force, and be unlikely to be able to move away from roads. Due to a lack of enthusiasm for such a cumbersome battlefield weapon, field artillery developed little in the early days of gunpowder, and the large cannons which were used on battlefields tended to be immobile siege guns which had been hastily adapted. Not only did the lack of mobility of cannons cause problems for armies on the march, but it also restricted their usefulness on the battlefield itself. The absence of effective gun carriages meant that artillery tended to be fixed rather than able to be aimed, the guns being mounted on wooden frames or simply positioned on mounds of earth. Their slow rate of fire (not only because of the time taken to load them, but because it took time for the  guns to cool down between shots) and their limited range at this time was another weakness, which led to them being easily overrun. Soldiers could wait at the limit of the guns’ range until the first salvo had been fired, then charge, reaching them well before the next shots could be fired, and disable the guns. The weaknesses of artillery on the battlefield were such that, â€Å"Even during the second half of the fifteenth century cannons were only used occasionally in pitched battles.† Handguns were of more use on the battlefield, having none of the transport problems of the heavy artillery and having a great deal in common with the crossbow, a weapon of proven worth. Like the crossbow, the handgun was a specialised anti-personnel weapon, and was ideal for firing at large exposed masses of soldiers where it could inflict considerable damage. The advantages which handguns had over crossbows was their superior hitting power, (of which Pope Pius II remarked, â€Å"No armour can withstand the blow of this torment, and even oaks are penetrated by it,†) and their relative cheapness due to the simplicity of their construction. As their accuracy improved and the numbers of trained marksmen increased, they came to supersede the crossbows in European armies, but by 1500 this process was by no means complete, the two weapons frequently working side-by-side in battles. While the slow rate of fire of handguns meant they could not stand independently in battle and needed the support of troops armed with close-combat weapons, they became an accepted auxiliary weapon in many armies. Despite the increased use of gunpowder weapons in battle, they were by no means always successful. Superiority in artillery was no guarantee of victory, as Charles the Bold discovered at Grandson and Morat in 1476. At Agincourt, the French gunners were pushed to one side by their own men at arms and played no significant role in the course of the battle. There are, however, examples of the successes of guns in battle, hinting at the success they were to achieve in the future. The Battle of Castillon in 1453 showed the devastating effects of crossfire: â€Å"Talbot imprudently attacked the [French] camp which led to the intervention of the French battery commanded by Giraud de Samian, a highly respected cannoneer. ‘He grievously injured  them because with each shot five or six fell dead to the ground’.† With the increased use of guns, deaths and injuries caused by them came to be recorded in greater number: â€Å"In 1442, John Payntour, an English esquire, was killed by a culverin shot at La Rà ©ole. Four years previously, Don Pedro, brother of the king of Castile, had been decapitated by a gunshot during the siege of the castle of Capuana at Naples†¦In April 1422, one Michael Bouyer, esquire, was languishing in prison at Meaux, ‘gravely ill and mutilated in one of his legs by a cannon shot, in such a way that he cannot aid himself’†¦It was becoming obvious that the gun could not only batter down fortifications, but could kill, and kill selectively from afar.† It is clear that by 1500, guns had come to be an everyday part of European armies. While the use of firearms on the battlefield tended to be limited to handguns, these were gradually replacing the older bows as the main auxiliary shot weapon. Cannons had made a huge impact on the conduct of siege warfare, bringing sieges to an end comparatively swiftly, and becoming indispensable in great armies. Although there were bound to be initial troubles with what was after all a relatively new weapon, notable successes were being recorded, especially in sieges, and the gun was definitely here to stay. To constitute a revolution, though, the growing use of such weapons would have to have changed not only the methods of making war, but also the outcome and the character of conflicts. What, then, were the consequences of the increased use of gunpowder? One of the largest series of changes happened in the area where the new guns were at their most effective, that of siege warfare. The advantages which a defending army could gain by hiding within fortifications had been understood for a long time. During the ‘High Middle Ages’, the war zones of Western Europe had become studded with castles and forts, and wars came to be characterised not by swift manoeuvre and open field battles, but more through long, drawn-out sieges. The failure of an attacking army to take a castle was likely to cause it a great deal of problems. If bypassed by an army, a defending garrison could retake control of the surrounding countryside from its secure central base and conduct raids on the enemy’s army and supplies (especially as fortifications tended to be located at  communications centres). Failure to take a large number of castles could result in their garrisons uniting to form an army capable of defeating the enemy force in the open field. In short, territory could not be conquered without gaining control of the fortifications within it. The effect of the introduction of effective siege guns with the capability of breaching the walls of castles was to bring the advantage in siege warfare away from defence and more towards the attacking force. With guns able to bring about the capitulation of fortresses within a few weeks or even a few days, there was a diminishing prospect of the defending country being able to organise an army in time to relieve the besieged. It would seem that the introduction of cannons had, for a time at least, called into question the efficacy of defence by small, dispersed garrisons defending fortifications. Had the use of siege guns not produced a defensive reaction, it seems possible that the castle could have been made redundant and defensive armies driven to do battle in the open field on equal terms with their adversaries. Attacking innovation, however, did produce defensive reaction, which in turn provoked counter-reaction from besiegers, and this greatly altered the nature of siege warfare during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. Guns, of course, were not exclusively weapons of attack. Defensive firearms were an early experiment which had some effect in maintaining some sort of defensability of fortifications in two ways. Firstly, by firing at the besieging army from the castle walls, defensive marksmen and cannoneers could take advantage of the short range of early guns by making it very hard to position bombards close enough to the walls to cause damage. By refusing to give the besieging army the freedom to position guns wherever they liked, the defenders could in this way keep the enemy at ‘arms length’. The second way in which guns could be used to defend fortifications was not to defend the walls from destruction by cannon fire, but to provide crossfire against enemy troops when the time came for them to attempt to storm the castle, a function which crossbows were able to perform, but were of inferior effectiveness and more expensive than handguns. This use of defensive firearms caused changes in the way in which attackers  approached sieges. Guns being fired into the besiegers’ camp necessitated the greater use of cover, in particular for the bombards which were placed nearest to the castle walls for much of the siege. To this end, trenches were dug and wooden shields or hoardings were constructed to protect the soldiers and their guns. Trenches provided some degree of effective protection against most weapons, while the hoardings gave protection to the guns, which usually had to be positioned in more exposed locations in order that they could target the walls before them, against everything but powerful firearms. â€Å"Jean de Bueil could advocate the siting of a besieger’s camp before a beleaguered fortress on the model of the fortified entrenchments dug at Maulà ©on, Guissen, Cherbourg, Dax, and Castillon fifteen years before. Trenches, he wrote, were to be dug from one part of the siege to another, covered by hoardings. Ease of contact and movement between the units of the encircling forces could thus be ensured.† Further success could be gained by the besieging forces by employing not only large bombards to break down the walls, but also smaller guns to pick off individual defending troops. This would not only prevent defensive gunners from having the luxury of completely free shots at their enemies, but would limit the effectiveness of attempts to repair breaches in the walls. The use of guns in both attack and defence produced perhaps the biggest changes in siege warfare in the form of changes to the fortifications themselves. The castles which existed before the widespread use of cannons were ill-suited to withstand the accurate and powerful impact of cannonballs. Trebuchà ©ts had been of more use in lobbing stones over the walls to cause damage inside castles than in actually causing breaches, and so the walls were built tall and flat so as to be better able to resist being scaled by soldiers. Such walls provided a large target for cannon fire, and their flatness meant that the full force of the shot was directed straight into them. Rather than rebuild entire castles, lords were often forced through reasons of cost to opt for the next-best solution of adaptation. Scarping the walls with banks of earth or masonry was tried in an attempt both to thicken the walls, and to turn the blows of cannons into more glancing shots, with the added bonus that sloping walls meant that siege ladders became ineffective. While it was a sound theory to avoid  square-on impacts from cannonballs, scarping was of limited value, and where this was an adaptation to an older castle, in many cases it weakened the walls by placing extra weight on them. Gunports were a further adaptation to fortifications which occurred as a result of the introduction of guns. These were holes put in the walls of the castles, often where arrow slits had been, to allow small guns to be fired from a position of relative safety. They were frequently positioned in the towers or gatehouses of castles to provide flanking fire along the walls where it was anticipated any attacking soldiers would have to stop before being able to push on into the castle. This modification was quite cheap and easy to put in place, and was used across Europe. One method of improving the efficacy of defensive fire both against attacking troops and forces sitting back and besieging was the greater use of defensive outworks built of earth or masonry. Not only could this ‘forward defensive’ strategy force enemy guns further back from the castle proper, but it also provided a further opportunity to enfilade soldiers as they advanced. Boulevards or artillery towers could be built in ditches forward of the walls with a clear line of fire along the trench. As the enemy soldiers advanced, they would have to spend time negotiating the ditch during which the fire from the outworks could take its toll. â€Å"At Dax, Guissen and Cadillac, in 1449 and 1451, the French encountered heavy resistance from such outer works constructed by the defenders.† The ultimate defence against besiegers armed with guns, though, was the fortification based on the angled bastion. It was this defence which was coming increasingly into use by 1500 which decisively swung the balance of power back in favour of the defenders. The bastion was essentially a gun platform for siting heavy guns which needed the freedom to be turned and fired against the enemy camp wherever it was in relation to the castle, a freedom which could not be obtained firing through gunports. These towers were thrust forward of the walls to keep the enemy back and were built the same height as the rest of the castle (unlike traditional towers), perhaps to facilitate the movement of guns around the walls, or perhaps because of the high cost of taller towers. The entire structure was squat, making it a smaller target and allowing the guns at the top of the walls to maintain fire at targets close to the foot of the fortification, and scarped to produce more glancing blows from cannonballs. This last objective was also achieved by projecting the bastions at a different angle to the rest of the wall, so that in effect only the wall would receive square-on blows. It could be said that round castles and round towers would present no flat surfaces to be hit squarely, but to build such fortifications would make flanking fire along the walls at best difficult. Round bastions were built, but left dead ground where guns could not reach, while entire castles built on a circular model would need many projecting towers to provide fire along the walls. With the angled bastion, fire could be given along the entire base of the tower from guns positioned in the walls, while fire along the walls could be provided from gunports in alcoves in the bastion. It seemed for a while that the destructive power of cannons would lead to a decisive shift towards the attackers in siege warfare which would perhaps bring an end to the dominant role of fortifications in warfare. However, defensive tactics adapted to the situation in a number of ways, ensuring the survival of the castle and the siege. It can be said, though, that although the nature of warfare overall was not changed, the nature of sieges changed significantly as a result of the use by both attackers and defenders of gunpowder weapons, and because a new type of castle had been born. If guns provided a temporary revolution in the balance of sieges, then the bastion was equally as revolutionary in restoring the old balance. â€Å"By resisting the new artillery and providing platforms for heavy guns [the bastion] revolutionised the defensive-offensive pattern of warfare.† While cannons produced many changes in the conduct of sieges, changes of similar magnitude cannot be seen in open field warfare. Cannons, lacking effective carriages to allow them to keep pace with their armies and to manoeuvre on the battlefield, were little used until the late fifteenth century. Handguns, despite coming to be as accepted a weapon as the crossbow, failed to produce any noteworthy changes. Possessing greater hitting power than the crossbow, but similar weaknesses, including slow rate  of fire, they were unable to establish themselves as anything more than an auxiliary weapon. While the Swiss were to use handguns in their successful pike square formations, their role could be (and often was) performed equally well by crossbowmen, and European armies continued to be based on knightly cavalry and close-combat infantry. The handgun of the fifteenth century was simply another auxiliary shot weapon, and, â€Å"The arquebus, or match-lock musket, did not finally oust the crossbow from French armies until 1567.† Nonetheless, the importance of guns increased during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries until they became an essential part of major wars. One of the results of this was to make war a much more large-scale thing in terms of money, and to put serious warfare (involving conquest and therefore sieges) out of reach of the pockets of anybody but princes. Artillery was very expensive. â€Å"It was one thing, in accordance with ancient ways, to expect a man at arms to come to the host equipped with his own horses and armour, but no one, in the new conditions of war, expected a master of artillery to provide his own cannon.† On a national level, the introduction of guns further widened the gap in military potential between rich and poor countries, underlining the superiority of countries like France over countries like the Italian states. It can be asked to what extent gunpowder weapons revolutionised notions of chivalry and whether the attitudes of people altered as a result of their experiences of the new guns. There is a good deal of late mediaeval literature which shows that many people despised them. They were an indiscriminate weapon which had no respect for social status, meaning that princes could now be killed from afar by peasants and artisans. This went against the traditional chivalric notion of individual combat among equals. Guns were also seen as cowardly, because of the belief that the gunner, hiding behind the smoke from his gun, did not put himself in mortal danger by firing, yet could still take the lives of others. Many saw guns as being instruments of the devil, with the noise and fire created being seen as having come from Hell itself. A popular attitude during the early days of guns in Europe is shown by Cervantes when he wrote, blessed be those happy  ages that were strangers to the dreadful fury of these devilish instruments of artillery, whose inventor I am satisfied is now in Hell, receiving the reward of his cursed invention, which is cause that very often a cowardly base hand takes away the life of the bravest gentleman; and that in the midst of that vigour and resolution which animates and inflames the bold, a chance bullet (shot perhaps by one who fled, and was frightened by the very flash the mischievous piece gave, when it went off) coming nobody knows how, or from where, in a moment puts a period to the brave designs and the life of one that deserved to have survived many years†¦ It is unlikely, however, that this attitude was held by the majority of people at the time. Shot weapons were nothing new, and had been in existence and used on a large scale for many years. There was little difference between a knight being killed by an arquebus or by a longbow. The large-scale use of guns by most European armies demonstrates that while there might have been some degree of chauvinism against firearms, princes were still quite prepared to use them, and indeed the church positively encouraged their use at a time when the Turkish threat to Christendom was increasing. There is little evidence that captured gunners were treated any differently to any other captured commoners (and by 1500 it was by no means guaranteed that gunners would not in fact be noble), and overall, society had little difficulty in accepting the place of artillery in modern warfare. Guns were ‘domesticated’ and given names, taking on characters of their own, and, â€Å"By the end of the fifteenth century and the beginning of the early modern era, gunpowder weaponry had simply become a feature of everyday life. Guns had become so conventional that they began to be used in celebrations, in fashion, and in crime. Ultimately, guns even became virility symbols.† This growing acceptance represents in part a change in attitudes brought about by the realisation that guns were of considerable use, but mainly it is a result of the rather superficial nature of chivalry at that time. There was a tendency for people only to behave according to the rules of chivalry when either it suited them to or when they could afford to. Princes, when faced with an adversary armed with artillery could not afford to confine themselves to criticising such ‘bad sportsmanship’ but had to respond in kind, an option which they were more than willing to take. In assessing whether gunpowder’s introduction caused revolutionary changes in Europe before 1500, it is necessary not only to examine the specific changes which arose, but moreover to assess whether warfare in 1300 had significantly changed in character by 1500 as a result of the use of guns. The answer to this has to be a definite no. The armies of 1500 made extensive use of guns, but these had not revolutionised the makeup of armed forces. The dominance of cavalry had persisted throughout the two centuries, and its only serious challenge had come in the late fifteenth century with the pike square, which by no means relied on guns. While the use of cannons had transformed the methods used in conducting sieges, only temporarily had there been the prospect of altering the nature of war away from the innumerable fortress battles which characterised the period. Gunpowder weapons had failed to bring an end to the siege as an important aspect of war, and could only act as a supplem entary weapon on the battlefield. Overall, despite the numerous changes which the increasing use of guns had caused, it is possible to agree with J. R. Hale’s assertion: â€Å"Gunpowder, in short, revolutionised the conduct but not the outcome of wars.†

Institutionalise Islamophobe Essay

The insects of racial discrimination, the curse of civilization, are gradually eating up out society, dissolving harmony and affection, transforming human being in weapons of carnage. Thus the society no longer remains a better place to live in. Islamophobe is a contentious neologism distinct by some as a chauvinism in opposition to, or demonization of, Muslims. The expression is documented in use as early as 1976, but came into greater prevalence in the late 1980s and early 1990s. (King, 2001) The expression’s use has become greater than before since the September 11, 2001 attacks. It can be mentioned that this is an irrational paranoia that needs to be eradicated from the face of the earth in order to make life a bit peaceful. British authors and intellectuals like Kenan Malik have condemned the perception, calling it an allegory. According to Malik this concept bamboozles prejudice in opposition to Muslims with denigration of Islam, and is applied to silence detractors of the religion, as well as Muslims who intend to reform it. Novelist Salman Rushdie and many others signed a proclamation in March 2006, which deemed Islamophobe a desolate perception that perplexes disapproval of Islam as a religion and stigmatization of those who have faith in it. Danish politician Bashy Quraishy has mentioned that islamophobe and anti-Semitism are two faces of the same coin. In the yrar1996 the Runnymede Trust, an autonomous anti-racist think tank in the United Kingdoms, recognized the assignment on British Muslims and Islamophobe, headed by Professor Gordon Conway, the vice-chancellor of the University of Sussex. According to the report launched in November 1997 by the Home Secretary, Jack Straw, Islamophobe can be considered as a challenge for the society as a whole. It portrayed Islamophobe as concerning eight idiosyncratic characteristics such as Islam is considered as a monolithic bloc, static and insensitive to alterations. It is observed as separate and other. It does not have principles in familiar with other ethnicities, is not pretentious by them and even does not influence them. It is perceived as substandard to the West. It is observed as barbaric, unreasonable, primordial, and sexist. It is seen as brutal, violent, intimidating, encouraging of terrorism, and affianced in a clash of civilizations. It is observed as a political philosophy, designed for political or military benefit. Condemnations made of the West by Islam are discarded out of hand. Antagonism towards Islam is used to give explanation for prejudiced practices in the direction of Muslims and segregation of Muslims from conventional society. Anti-Muslim resentment is seen as usual and normal. In 1997 the British Runnymede Trust made it clear that Islamophobe as the observation that Islam has no ethics in common with other cultures, is substandard to the West, is an aggressive political ideology instead of being a religion, that its disparagement of the West have no essence, and that prejudiced practices against Muslims are justified as such. Despite the fact that Muslims do not comprise a race in isolation, the submission is that many Europeans and North Americans have an inaccurate discernment of Muslims as composing a separate a race, which in he words of Khyati Joshi is radicalization of religion. On the other hand, Muslims may be perplexed with Arabs, even though the mainstream of the world’s Muslims are not Arabs. (Lamb, 2004) There are several causes behind Islamophobe the prime among them is to perplex disapproval of Islam as a religion and stigmatization of those who have faith in it. Sociologists have time and again argued that there was a swing in forms of chauvinism in the 1990s from race-based discrimination to inequity based on culture and religion. In 2004, Anja Rudiger, Executive director of the European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia, made it clear in an Oxford conference on Muslims in Europe that, ever since the 9/11 attacks, religion had outshined race as the most important focal point of divergence, and that an individual’s religion was now looked upon as one and the same with their background. In the case of Muslims, this showed the way to another dimension of chauvinism, Rudiger argued, in that European Muslims were observed as signifying an amalgamated culture relatively different from European society, one that is strappingly correlated to certain non-European states. From Rudiger’s perspective, such observations are element of the course of action of classifying Islam as Europe’s other. Due to Islamophobe instead of engaging Muslims in debate, non-Muslims are hypothetical to sneak around them, for fear of causing felony. (Fletcher, 2005) There are several alleged acts of Islamophobia, such as Dr Amanda Wise and Ghali Hassan from GlobalResearch. ca have assumed that the 2005 Cronulla insurrection were the consequence of an atmosphere of Islamophobe in Australia. Dalil Boubakeur, a director of a Paris mosque illustrated the wreckage on a Mosque, referred to the burning of a Muslim Sanctuaries, attacks on hijabi Muslim women all over the world as Islamophobic. Muslim activists alleged that the Forest Gate anti terror raid in London was Islamophobic. France, which has a strong secular institution separating church from State, was accused of Islamophobe when the decree on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools was approved, which prohibits the wearing of conspicuous religious symbols in public schools. In a February 10, 2004 accounted by Al Jazeera the head of the Party of France’s Muslims, Muhammad Latreche in analysing the French decree on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools was referenced as mentioning that the legislation would, institutionalise Islamophobe. In Germany, the state of Baden-Wurttemberg has anticipated set of laws that necessitate citizenship applicants from the member states of the Organization of the Islamic Conference to answer enquiries concerning their outlook on domestic aggression and other religious subjects. A BBC assessment taken in the summer of 2004 estimated that employment applicants with Muslim names were far less probable to be called for an interview than applicants whose names did not appear to be Muslim. (Dos, 2006) There have been efforts in opposition to supposed Islamophobe by several organizations in various countries through out the globe. In 2006 the Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC) was set up as an observatory body on Islamophobe. This will keep an eye on and document activities professed as Islamophobic around the planet. Throughout the attainment talks on the subject of Turkey’s probable entry to the EU, then Prime Minister of Holland, Jan Peter Balkenende, made it clear that Islamophobe must not have an effect on the possibility of Turkey’s access to the European Union. 50,000 people signed an appeal urging French President Jacques Chirac to deem Islamophobe as a new form of racism, punishable by decree. In the UK several methods directed towards limiting Islamophobe have been set up. In Tower Hamlets, a heavily populated area in London, a misdemeanour reporting system called â€Å"Islamophobe† has been set up which police expect will increase consciousness of Islamophobe and facilitate them to recognize the extent of the dilemma. The British National Union of Teachers (NUT) has issued guidelines to teachers and recommending them to Challenge Islamophobe, as they have a fundamental character to play in helping to dismiss myths about Muslim communities. In 2006 the Catholic Mission Austria and the Islamic Denomination Austria formed a platform called Christians and Muslims, which endeavours against stereotypes and antagonism and intends to augment lenience and admiration. In 1991 the Islamic Culture Foundation (FUNCI) prepared, in association with UNESCO and the Institut du Monde Arabe of Paris, a worldwide symposium concerning the involvement of Islamic Civilization in European Culture. The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan issued a call in 1999 to world influential to fight Islamophobe. The Muslim Council of Britain (MCB) and the Trades Union Congress (TUC) organized a colloquium on how to fight Islamophobe. (Kar, 2006) History helps out us to identify ourselves, recognize who we are and be acquainted with the origin where we come from. We over and over again shrink back from hearing about our chronological times of yore for the reason that so much of it is excruciating. Islamophobe is a dejected perception that perplexes disapproval of Islam as a religion and stigmatization of those who have faith in it. Islamophobe, a myth or a kind of racism, obfuscates bias in opposition to Muslims with disparagement of Islam and that it is used to quieten detractors and Muslim reformers. References: Dos, M; (2006); Future of Thought Process; Alliance Publications Fletcher, R; (2005); Beliefs and Knowledge: Believing and Knowing; Howard & Price. Kar, P; (2006); History of Islam; Dasgupta & Chatterjee King, H; (2001); International Politics Today; HBT & Brooks Ltd Lamb, Davis; (2004); Cult to Culture: The Development of Civilization on the Strategic Strata; National Book Trust.

Product Life Cycle

Product Life Cycle Introduction According to definition provided in the biology sciences, living things follow a rigid development lifecycle of birth, growth, maturity and death. This cycle forms the basis for the concept of product lifecycle and, by extension, a framework for describing the path a certain product will follow in a particular period of time.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Product Life Cycle specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In product management, this concept comprises of introduction, growth, maturity and decline stage. In the introduction stage, it takes some time for a product to be accepted by the public, but by the time it reaches the growth stage it is able to attract many customers. In maturity stage, its market even out as competitors develop competitive products, and its popularity declines. Old products are finally withdrawn from the market marking decline (Marketing Teacher, 2000, Para 1). Since PLC depicts t he product path from the launching period, it is a perfect tool for managing a product. Organizations can establish customer demands and alter the products features to meet these requirements. In addition, it helps the organization to determine when cost recovery will commence, as well as define the volume of transactions. This information is important to the organization for two reasons. First of all, it is possible to tell when a product can be introduced or withdrawn from a market. Secondly, it gives information about a product success or failure, as well as its position relative to competitors’ products. However, PLC has its limitation, especially it lacks for the universality in application (Tellis, nd, 6). This paper discusses the concept of PLC and how it is applied to cost recovery. It further examines how the concept has been successfully applied in development of technological products by Apple Inc. Stages of Product Life Cycle In addition to the four stages in figu re 1 presented, I will also discuss the development phase in this section. Figure 1. The Product Life CycleAdvertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Source: Christiansen et al, 2010 p 801 Development Phase This phase involves the conception of a product idea and various changes made on the basis of the original mode before it is being developed into a final product. The model product is passed through the test market before being delivered to the target customers. In the development stage, company does not generate any revenue, although it incurs expenditures. This stage is followed by launching of the model product that survives test market. Introduction Stage At this stage, the product adopted after development phase is launched. The companys goal in this stage is to ensure that the product will have maximum impact by the time it goes in the market. This is why it is nec essary to take into account the customers demands that a product should meet (Haslam, 1989, p. 20 In this section, I will use iPod and iPhone products to demonstrate the differences between mature and growing market. Apple Inc is an American multicultural corporations dealing with marketing and designing of computer software, consumer electronics, and Personal computers (Markoff, 2011).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Technological products have shorter product life cycles because companies are persistently evolving and improving their products by prolonging their significance and extending their life. Apple Inc, for instance, develops new and better technology after every twelve to eighteen months and, as a result, the products it offers to its customers are always innovative and revolutionary. Figure 2. iPods Sales Chart Source: Ashcroft, Nd, 8 iPod sales trend in figure 2 shows the product cycle. Before its peak sales in 2008, various generations of the product had been introduced such as Nano, Class and Touch and iPhone in the middle of the year (Cahill, 2011, Para 2). This year, there was little competition for iPod but introduction of iPhone distracted its potential sales. Both 2008 and 2009 years presented in the figure indicate that the sales had been stabilized and afterwards started to decline. In 2010, Apple quarterly sales report revealed a decline in the sales of iPod. These sales h ad been reduced from 11 million to 10.2 in a span of three months. Figure 3. Apple Product Sales by Segment Source: Ashcroft, Nd, 8 Figure 3 shows that iPod overstayed in a maturity stage and it’s now entering its decline. On the other hand, iPhone curve shows that these days it is going into its growth stage, and it has registered an increase in sales. The company has also introduced a new product in 2009 called the iPad. However, it is iPod that has significantly contributed to the higher profits that apple has experienced. In spite of this, its sales graph has reflected the S-curve that indicates that it is undergoing the product life cycle. As we have already discussed, in order to prevent decline, it is necessary to improve the product features to rejuvenate the growth of sales. This may include development of new iPad model that will have additional feature. Different Product Market Phases and Their Impact on Cost Recovery In introduction phase of the product, costs ar e higher and there is no return for the company. As a result, it does not recover the cost incurred in product development at this stage. As the product progress to the third stage of PLC, company registers increased sales and the brand is be recognized, this results in further cutting the cost and increasing returns. In the maturity stage, since the product brand is already established, the company does not spend much on promotion (Nagle Hogan, 2006). In our case, iPod made more profit because it overstayed in the maturity stage, which is the phase with the least costs. Since in growth stage the company registers increasing sales, iPhone curve is rising steadily, but in the maturity, the sales volumes even out because the market is beginning to be saturated by products of different models. This PLC analysis tool is important to a company like Apple Inc, which offers goods in the technological industry where the product must be constantly enhanced. Summary Product life cycle analys is reveals different pictures for a production. In introduction stages, capital outlay is high and sales are low which results in low profits. This is followed by growth where sales volumes begin to rise and cost lowers due to decrease in advertisement and promotions costs. This stage register an increase in profits, but spending is still high as a company strives to expand market share. In maturity stage, cost gets even lower as the product brand is established, competition increase, and new generation products are developed. The product is more profitable due to lower cost in this stage. At the decline stage, sales decrease due to the fact that customers change tastes and profit margin remains intact (Marketing assignment No. 3, Nd, 7). References Ashcroft, J Nd, Apple in the digital age from the iPod to the iPad. Available from: pro-manchester.co.uk/assets/Applecasestudy.pdf. [5 December 2011]. Avlonitis, G 2001, Strategic Industrial Marketing, Stanoulis, New York. Business 101 - The Basics n.d., Product and Pricing Strategies. Available from: http://faculty.piercecollege.edu/rskidmore/Ghost/library/Chapters/CHPT12-04.pdf. [5 December 2011]. Cahill, B. iPod Sales – does this graph look familiar? Available form: http://tutor2u.net/blog/index.php/business-studies/comments/ipod-sales-does-this-graph-look-familiar. [5 December 2011]. Christiansen J. K., Varnes C. J., Gasparin M.,Storm-Nielsen D. and Vinther E. J. 2010, Living Twice: How a Product Goes through Multiple Life Cycles. J PRODD MANAG 27: 797-827. Haslam, C., Neale A., Johal S. 1989, Economics in a business context, Cengage Learning EMEA London. Komninos, I. 2002, Product Life Cycle Management. Research paper for Urban and Regional Innovation research unit, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, pp. 1-26. Available from: urenio.org/tools/en/Product_Life_Cycle_Management.pdf. [5 December 2011]. Kotler, P., Armstrong, G. 2001, Principles of Marketing. Prentice Hall, New Jersey.  Marketing Ass ignment No.3. (Nd). Availablefrom: scribd.com/doc/16512298/Product-Life-Cycle. [5 December 2011]. Marketing Teacher. (2000). The Product Life Cycle (PLC). MarketingTeacher.com. Available from: http://marketingteacher.com/lesson-store/lesson-plc.html. [5 December 2011]. Markoff, J. 2011, Apple Incorporated. The New York Times [online], available from: http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/business/companies/apple_computer_inc/index.html. [5 December 2011]. McNamara, C. n.d., Basic Overview of Organizational Life Cycles. Available from: mapnp.org/library/org_thry/org_cycl.htm. [5 December 2011]. Nagle, T. T., Hogan J. E. 2006, The Strategy and Tactics of Pricing. A guide to Growing More Profitability, Pearson Education, New Jersey. NetMBA. 2002, The Product Life Cycle. Available from netmba.com/marketing/product/lifecycle/. [5 December 2011]. Perreault, W. D., Cannon J. P., McCarthy E. J. 2009, Product Management and New Product Development. In Basic Marketing. A Marketing Strategy Pla nning Approach, Ed. 17 Chap 10. McGraw-Hill, New York. Tellis, G. Nd, An Evolutionary Approach to product Growth Theory. Division of Research Graduate School of Business Administration The University of Michigan.232: 1-31.